KDI conducted a study across all the LGAs in Bayelsa, Imo and Kogi states using a mixed-method research design and triangulated quantitative and qualitative datasets to search the pre-election environment using tested early warning indicators to examine signals of electoral insecurity. The indicators assessed in this ESRA include the following under-listed:

1. Security History of the States
2. The Electoral Factors Media
3. Landscape The Geographical/Economic Factors
4. WPSI (Women, Peace and Security Indicator)

The quantitative method involves a survey, while the qualitative approach involves Key informant Interviews and a desk review with electoral security experts, CSO groups, media, and other relevant stakeholders. Also, secondary data from relevant publications and media were used to substantiate the findings.

The overall target population for this survey is the voting population – age 18 and above living in Bayelsa, Imo and Kogi states. This study featured a random sample from the targeted population, and the population definition was predicated on registered and non-registered voters. With a 95% confidence interval and + or – 2% margin of error – Data were collected between September and October 2023 by KDI’s field researchers through a survey. 955, 2534, and 1787 responses were drawn from Bayelsa, Imo and Kogi states using the ESRA questionnaire.